The wind in the Meridian Gate in Nanjing has not yet risen, and the auditorium is already very hot.

September 9, 1945 , time was stuck very well, 9 am . Nanjing "Army Headquarters Auditorium" The flags of the allies such as China, the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union were hung. There were long and thick tables on the stage, and a row of movies were equipped with tripods below the stage. The photographer pointed the lens at the chair in the center.

The person sitting there was named He Yingqin, and the title of the National Government was "The title of the day was "The surrendered chief official of the Chinese theater".

The team of people walking on the red carpet changed their Japanese uniforms and their chests were neatly worn. The most eye-catching thing in the queue is the commander-in-chief of the Chinese Expeditionary Army. The auditorium was silent, and the sound of shutters clicked and clicked as if they were timing. According to the established procedures, the Japanese representative will sign, the Chinese chief inspects and signs, and the Japanese side will submit a letter of submission.

The camera rang again, just to capture the scene: He Yingqin leaned forward with his hands and leaned forward; the Japanese officer who handed the surrender letter stood straight. As soon as the picture spreads, the question arises - how to defeat the country's representative bend the waist down to a lower level than the surrender?

That photo is like a thorn, piercing the hearts of many people for many years. It was used as a pretext to bring out old accounts of "pro-Japanese" and "disrespectful". But waiting for you to put the news videos, official program lists, and memories of the audience on the table. The meaning of "bending over" is completely different from the intuitive judgment of many people.

This ceremony was not intended temporarily.

On September 2, the Japanese government representatives signed the general document of "unconditional surrender to the allies" on Missouri; On September 9, Nanjing is On September 9, it is China War Zone home courts were sued. The selection of hosts, seats and procedures are all in black and white. The Second History Museum (China's Second Historical Archives) preserves the documents and images of that year, and can replicate this "ritual drama".

The tabletop layout emphasizes "clear primary and secondary".

Taiwan Central is the seat of the Chinese side, and the chief officerSit upright ;

The Japanese seats on the right, Okamura Yasuji was in front; on the left was the Allied Observation Seat, and Widmai and other Allied representatives attended. The process is also very clear: playing music;

read the communication of the Japanese emperor and government, Base accepting the Potsdam announcement;

Yakaji Okamura signed the surrender document for the Chinese theater; the Japanese side presented the letter of surrender;

Chinese chief Visit and sign;Delivery a copy;

The announcement ceremony is completed. The program does not write "The surrendered chief official stands up and receives surrender";

also did not require "gifts to the Japanese side". The main tone is "order" and "sovereignty", not a humiliating drama.

After the war zones, they received surrenders routinely, and this battle in Nanjing was considered one of the highest specifications.

The outside world has long mistakenly thought it was Okamura himself. According to the on-site report of the "Chongqing Ilbo" on September 10, 1945, Okamura signed the signature and submitted it to him. Chief of Staff Asazaburo Kobayashi;

China will return the Chinese signature to Okamura by returning it to Okamura. This detail is very important, and it is related to the "body position" and "action" at that moment.

The sense of dislocation of a photo

The composition of that common black and white photo will mislead the eyes.

One ​​isCamera angle . The photographer pressed the shutter diagonally in the direction of the Japanese seat, lowered the lens and took a photo upward. In this way, the vertical line of the standing person is pulled up, and the amplitude of the sitting person leaning forward is exaggerated.

In addition to the long table width and distance, "Receive handed" This action is destined to stick out the upper body. Photography can be a scam, especially to only intercept a moment in less than 3 seconds.

The other place isProgram Action . According to the news video "Nanjing Receives Surrender" preserved by the Second History Museum, you can see the complete coherence of movement: the Japanese representative walked up to the table with the surrendered letter and stopped beside the table; He Yingqin sat down, stretched out his hands and took the text; he took it into his hand, lowered his head and checked the signature and seal nearby, and then wrote it.

This "head down" amplitude just overlaps the "forward tilt transfer" action. The photographer seized the moment of merger. When he finished writing the words, his body was integrity.

Many people mentioned "45 degrees bow". You can check the memories written by the Japanese representative Takeo Imai later. He said in "The End of China's Battle": He Yingqin "as if he was about to stand up, he owed his body and returned the gift." "Bowing" in East Asian etiquette is slight forward salute, not a down-down "bow".

He did not use the word "bow". This is the Japanese soldiers' own brushstroke. With the news film, it becomes clearer when restored: it is just a small responsive movement, and the action does not fall into the category of the surrender ceremony within one second.

Say anotherCommon sense. The etiquette of the Republic of China should be passed on “two hands”, and the collar should also be carried on “two hands”. This is a respect for the documents, not a condemnation to people. If you look through other photos of that day, He Yingqin took and handed the pen, they were all hands.

If you only grab one moment of "turning forward" and zoom in infinitely, it is easy to twist the verdict of the etiquette and standpoint.

Li and Quan: Who should get up? Who should offer a gift?

There is a popular saying that the surrendered chief should be high above, so how can he not stand up and bend over? Putting historical materials together will make this logic unstoppable.

">"Supreme Ceremony Procedure" gives the division of responsibilities, not "humiliation regulations". It requires the Chinese chief officer to check the text and sign the surrender letter in duplicate; the Japanese representative must stand up and submit it respectfully. "Who gets up" and "who sits" on the field reflect the Who is responsible, not who is lower or higher. You see, in the same year, the war zones in Nanning, Zhijiang, and Beiping were surrendered. Most of the chief officials were on the same page, and the Japanese representatives stood up to submit.

This set of actions became a general example in various war zones in the late stages of the war.

Look at the arrangement of the seats and desktops. The table distance between China and Japan is relatively wide, and Japanese officials cannot cross the edge of the table when submitting it. What does that mean to the Chinese chief?

receive the file under the premise that it does not move. The most convenient way to do it is Look forward. If you interpret this step as "bending over", you have to answer a question first: Should he let the Japanese representative cross the table and directly reach into China's arms? That is really called disorderly etiquette.

Submission is not a judgment. Shaming Action No place can be found in this program. There is neither the "let the other party kneels" or the terms of "forcing the other party to kowtow".

September 9, 1945, the script in the Nanjing Auditorium was the documentary program that brought the invaders to the historical court, not a revenge drama. The Chinese chief's calm and restrained is actually a qualified attitude for this occasion.

A photo, I have memorized too many emotional accounts

But why did the photos be circulated as "evidence of crime" for so long? There are several layers of historical emotions intertwined on it.

The first layer is the memory of the long suffering.

14 years During the War of Resistance Against Japan, the lives and deaths of tens of millions of people, Nanjing City itself had a blood debt of the Massacre. In the end, many people subconsciously look forward to a "happy" humiliation ceremony. There is no such scene in the camera, so I find another "beaking moment" and treat it as an emotional outlet. History is cold, memory is hot. The hot part often makes a single photo bear the explanation it can't bear.

The first layer is the narrative rewriting after the political situation changes. The civil war started soon after the war.

The evaluation of the senior management of the National Government has occurred in different political contexts. He Yingqin's reputation was already controversial: in his early years, he advocated "The trajectory of "harmony swing" appeared in the negotiations between North China and Japan; after the war, #FA5151; --tt-darkmode-color: #FA5151;">Yakaji Okamura He was not sentenced to heavy sentences in China and died peacefully in Japan. These facts are interpreted by emotions as "relaxation against Japan". If you push it forward, it is easy to use the "bent over photos" as evidence.

It is another structure to explain the placement of various war criminals in the Tokyo Trial system and the pulling of allied forces (especially US military) after the war, that is another structure. These complex games are reduced to "one person bent over, so everything is wrong", and historical facts cannot be pretended.

Another layer is the deviation in information methods. What the public is most familiar with is often not news videos, but pictures and texts of second-hand collage. Angle cut, bold title, and emotional chain transmission, over the past few decades, a "visual stereotype" has been fixed.

waiting for you to read the archive photos of China News Agency news films and Er Shinkan one by one, you will find He Yingqin's Er Shinkan one by one, and you will find He Yingqin's

A sentence "bearing", a system

You might as well put out the materials of several parties involved.

JapaneseTerm "The important officer of "later" later wrote a book called "The End of China". He mentioned He Yingqin's movements, using "Beat", not "bow". This is in line with the video of the news film.

China'sClassical procedure "China Inspection". There is no clause in the procedure to force the Chinese chief to "standing up and accept surrender". Sitting upright is a ritual position.

The report of the day on that day, the key actions were written in a straightforward manner: Okamura signed, Xiao Yisu. For this set of "passing back and forth" actions, receiving handed with both hands is the baseline of official documents and etiquette in the Republic of China. Read it as humility towards people and it is easy to deviate from the topic.

When it comes to this, someone will ask: Does He Yingqin have any "extraordinary" etiquette?

There is really a clip on the court: When the Japanese side entered the court, he had anodding and greeting action. This small move was recorded in the memories of Japanese soldiers; it was not abrupt in Chinese news films.

It is more appropriate to understand "nodding" as "polite response". Accepting surrender is not a vendetta. Temperature is also a kind of grasp of the identity of the winner.

Cutted "forgiveness" and "punishment"

There is also a background that makes the photo blame, which is the discussion of post-war punishment. Many people directly link the matter of "Yakaji Okamura was not sentenced to China" to "He Yingqin's attitude".

historical materials, Okamura belongs to the category of Class war criminals in the Tokyo Trial, has not been convicted by the Far East International Military Tribunal; China had an intention to prosecute, but was not entered into the judgment process under the overall framework of the Allied forces. The complexity of post-war politics goes beyond the explanatory power of “how a soldier bends over.”

He Yingqin himself wrote "The Eight Years of War of Resistance in Taiwan after the war".

He talked about Nanjing's surrender, but he didn't pay much attention to it, and basically followed the "Program —Signature —receive ” sequential memory. He did not make any special defense about "bending over". It can be seen that he regarded that day as the completion of the military service process, not a personal performance venue. This mentality is quite common in the logic of Professional soldiers's life.

clear the details: Is the tone in the auditorium that dayhard or soft?

more like "angled calm". The distance of the table, the weight of the document, the angle of the lens, and the rhythm of the ceremony together determine the shape of an action.

that is not surrender, it is program posture.

Reference:

1. China Second Historical Archives Editor: Nanjing surrender in Nanjing - Archives and Images, Nanjing: Jiangsu People's Publishing House, 2015.2. Central News Documentary Film Studio: News Documentary "Nanjing Surrender" (1945), collection of China's National Archives, CCTV's "National Memory" column has been broadcasted many times.3. People's Daily: Remember the victory of the War of Resistance Against Japan, cherish peace and justice - review of historical materials for Nanjing surrender (2015-09-09).
4. Xinhuanet: Nanjing surrender historical images and archives (Series of reports on the 70th anniversary of the victory of the War of Resistance Against Japan, 2015).
5. Takeo Imai: The End of China (Chinese version of the festival translation, Beijing: Life, Reading, and New Knowledge Sanlian Bookstore photocopy information, see the original Japanese version "The Records of the Chinese End of the War").

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